Social_and_Environmental

1. Introduction
2. Environmental Impact
3. Conflicts of Interest
4. Social Acceptance
5. National Policies
6. Ongoing Research Projects
7. General Conclusions
8. Selected References
9. Appendix



Table of contents

 

1 Introduction. 3

2 Environmental Impact. 4

2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment 4

2.2 Biological impacts. 5

2.2.1 Birds 6

2.2.2 Sea mammals 11

2.2.3 Fish . 12

2.2.4 Seabed and benthos 13

2.2.5 Hydrography, sea currents and water quality. 14

2.3 Effects from accidents 14

2.4 Visual effect. 16

2.5 Noise and vibration effects 20

2.5.1 Airborne noise . 20

2.5.2 Underwater noise and vibrations 20

3 Conflicts of Interest 23

3.1 Traffic . 23

3.1.1 Ships 23

3.1.2 Air traffic . 24

3.1.3 Painting and illumination/marking lights 24

3.2 Defence . 25

3.2.1 Radar and radio signals 25

3.3 Fish . 26

3.4 Birds 27

3.5 Other conflicts of interest 27

3.5.1 Raw material deposits 27

3.5.2 Marine archaeology . 27

3.6 Conflicts of interest - general conclusions 28

4 Social Acceptance. 29

5 National Policies. 32

5.1 General attitude. 32

5.2 Planning rules. 32

5.3 Incentives. 37

5.4 Conclusions 42

6 Ongoing Research Projects 43

7 General Conclusions 44

7.1 Identification of problem areas 44

7.2 Recommendations for RTD programmes 46

7.3 General recommendations for offshore wind projects 48

8 Selected References 49

9 General References 51